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The Hungarian Royal Gendarme Veterans' Association ((ハンガリー語:Magyar Királyi Csendőr Bajtársi Közösség)), commonly known by its initialism of MKCsBK, is an international veterans' organization founded in its initial form in 1947 with the goal of maintaining an association of veterans of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie following its dissolution in 1944 during the Soviet occupation of Hungary. It continues today as an association of the few remaining living veterans, with an additional goal of making original information and records about the Hungarian Royal Gendarmes available to the public in order to correct misinformation disseminated by the government during the years of communist rule. ==The Roots of the MKCsBK: The Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie== (詳細はMKCsBK Official Website ), 1881/II. law of codicil of the body of gendarmerie; 1881/III. law regarding the organization of a service for public safety.〕 This day became the official "gendarme day" in 1936.〔45.022/1933.Eln. VII-c.Order of Department of Interior, posted in Csendőrségi közlöny XVIII. évf. 3. szám, 1933. Feb. 4.〕 The gendarmerie was a militarily organized corps 〔Szervezeti és szolgálati utasítás a m. kir. csendőrség számára (Szut.) (Organizational and Operational Regulations for the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie) Budapest, 1941, Stadium. 13. p.〕 entrusted with the public safety in the rural parts of Hungary, which at the time accounted for 90% of the country. With a regional-divisional-chapter-garrison structure it had a relatively short chain of command. The essence of the gendarmerie was the garrisons of five to fifteen gendarmes scattered throughout the countryside, and therefore they performed their duties quite independently, albeit according to strictly detailed regulations, issued by a special division under the authority of the Department of Interior. At the same time, the members of the gendarmerie personally were under the jurisdiction of the Department of Defense. The guarding of public safety and peace in the villages, as well as crime prevention and criminal investigations were exclusively the job of the enlisted gendarmes, while the officers were responsible for training, supervision, and communication with other authorities. Every gendarme owned and was very familiar with the so-called Service Regulations book (Szut.), which codified the laws and regulations affecting their service. Both enlisted and officers alike were expected to continually further their knowledge and improve themselves, not only regarding their vocation, but in a broad range of topics. They actively participated in various sports (to the degree that several members were on the national Olympic team),〔(MKCsBK Official Website ), v. Thassy-Plávenszky Ferenc, in Dr. Kiss Gyula: „Magyar Királyi Csendőr Bajtársi Közösség mint a volt Magyar Királyi Csendőrség szellemi jogutódjának ismertetése a Magyarságtudat Lexikon részére.” 1984, Calgary, Kanada. Manuscript.〕 maintained a small library collection at each garrison (which was also available for use to the local villagers), and made reading and studying a regular part of their daily routine. They also placed an emphasis on character training to become reliable, fair, moral, incorruptible, impartial and unbiased, in addition to being able to make fast, wise and firm decisions. There was a great emphasis on the respect of authority and the love of their country, their countrymen, and their corps.〔Endrődy Géza: Alapvetés a csendőr erkölcsi neveléséhez. (Laying the Grounds for the Moral Development of the Gendarmes) Budapest. 1902, Kaufman. 6 p.〕 They were expected to live their lives in every respect according to the gendarme oath,〔(MKCsBK Official Website ), Gendarme commissioning oath.〕 the “gendarme ten commandments,”〔(MKCsBK Official Website ), Gendarme ten commandments.〕 and their motto of “faithfully, honorably, valiantly,” (“Híven, becsülettel, vitézül”). The demands of being a gendarme transcended occupation to become a way of life. The Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie achieved international recognition〔A magyar királyi csendőrség története. (The History of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie) Különlenyomat a Csendőrségi lapok 1933. évi számából. Budapest, 1933. Stádium. 21. p. - Preszly Lóránd: A m. kir. csendőrség története. (The History of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie) Budapest. 1920, Honvédelmi Sajtó.vállalat. 6. p. - After the defeat of the Hungarian Communist Coup in 1919, the ENTENTE’s Hungarian military committee at the recommendation of General Harry Hill Bandholtz requested General Halsey E. Yates, previous US attaché to Romania, to reorganize the Hungarian public safety. He supported the efforts of the new Hungarian government to re-establish the gendarmerie after the defeat of the Red Rule, and re-armed them with wheapons purchased from Austria: in Ferenc Kaiser: A Magyar Királyi Csendőrség története a két világháború között. (The History of the Hungarian Royal Gengarmerie Between the Two World Wars). Pécs, 2002, Pro Pannónia Kiadói Alapítvány. 22-24.p. /Pannónia Könyvek./〕 for its exceptional effectiveness in crime prevention and investigation, solving over 90% of petty thefts and small crimes and nearly 100% of major crimes.〔Béla Rektor: A Magyar Királyi Csendőrség oknyomozó története. (An Investigative History of the Royal Hungarian Gendarmerie) The Cleveland, Ohio, USA, 1980, Árpád Könyvkiadó Vállalat. 433. p.〕 This played a role in allowing Hungary under the Dual Monarchy to achieve a previously unprecedented national development, lifting the previously somewhat feudal Hungary to a European level.〔Parádi József et al. (szerk.): A magyar rendvédelem története. (The history of Hungarian Law Enforcement) Budapest, 19962, Osiris, 21-23. p. - Őry Károly: A Maréchaussée-tól a Gendarmerie Nationale-ig. A francia csendőrség történeti előzményei. (From the Maréchaussée to the National Gendarmerie, The historical preceding to the French gendarmerie) Rendvédelem-történeti Füzetek (Acta Historiae Preasidii Ordinis), VII.évf. (1997) 8.sz. 75-77.p.〕 Police and gendarmes from several other countries visited to learn from them and borrow their techniques and procedures.〔In the thirties a delegation of The Canadian Royal Gendarmerie visited the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie in Kiskunhalas to study their training of mounted gendarmes. In 1937, a Polish gendarme delegation visited them for study purposes: in Lévay Jenő: Fekete könyv. Budapest, 1946, Officiana〕 The effectiveness of the Gendarmerie could be attributed to several reasons. In addition to the excellent organization of the corps and the requirement for continuous training and self-education of all its members, the gendarmes were selected from the villages so they were quite familiar with the ways of the people and already had their trust and respect. The excellence of their work is even more remarkable considering that most gendarmes were selected from the poor families of the villages, who had good character but only a few years of elementary education. Their daily training in the garrisons included not only job-related knowledge, but general subjects as well as, to make them well-rounded people. Although the gendarmes had a constant responsibility to guard the safety and peace of the countryside, they could also be called upon for various specific tasks at the request of other legal authorities.〔Szervezeti és szolgálati utasítás a m. kir. csendőrség számára (Szut.). 15. p.〕 The service-requesting authority was responsible for the content of the request, while the gendarmes’ responsibility was to carry it out precisely according to the set laws and regulations.〔Utasítások a m. kir. csendőrség számára. Budapest, 1912. 7. p.〕 A gendarme had no right to critique his orders.〔Szervezeti és szolgálati utasítás a m. kir. csendőrség számára (Szut.) 16. p.〕 During the 64 years of existence of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie, several governments were in power. The gendarmes fulfilled their vocation to guard the public safety under each government, whether it was the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy, the short-lived Hungarian Soviet Republic,〔The communist regime of 1918-1919 officially dissolved the gendarmerie and created the Red Guard in its place, but it had no time to carry out the reorganization, especially in the rural areas. Therefore, most gendarme garrisons continued their established daily routine of crime prevention and protection of peace and order.〕 the Horthy era, or the German occupation.〔The German occupation left the existing law-enforcement agencies in place, thus forcing its members into an activity for which they were not originally created. They were to protect the laws of the lawful Hungarian government, but the chaotic and fast-changing times of the near-end of war did not allow the establishment of adequate and appropriate response of the gendarmerie to the German occupation and its demands.〕 Partly as a result of their faithful work to protect all lawful Hungarian citizens regardless of their ethnicity or religion, Hungary was the safest place for Mid-European Jews until Hungary’s German occupation in March 1944. As local and state agencies were also authorized to utilize the services of the gendarmes, they had a mixed role of both protecting Jews and Jewish interests,〔- The gendarmerie’s workload was greatly increased to ward off and investigate attacks on Jewish residents and their homes by anti-Semite citizens. - A gendarme detachment, led by Capt. Kun and Ferenc Simon, guarded the Swedish embassy (Wallenberg) and had to repel several attacks of the SS-sympathizers, once with an armed encounter, according to Gabor Kiss, in Bajtársi levél 1998. Jan. 1. 10-11. p. - When Horthy found out the fate of the deported Jews in June of 1944, he ordered to turn back the deporting trains, which were already on their way toward Germany, but still on Hungarian soil: in (http://www.holokausztmagyarorszagon.hu – „The Jews of Budapest and the last deportations” – accessed 2010. Nov. 26). This order, was carried out by the gendarmes as a part of their ordinary duty (Gendarme Capt. Lullay led the action, according to the diary of Istvan Horthy’s widow, in Bajtársi levél 53. évf. 2. szám, 2001. June 13. p.) - Horthy, double-crossing the Germans, ordered a gendarme company to gather in Budapest to block, with force if necessary, the German-planned deportation of Jews from Budapest. In: Schmidt Mária: Kollaboráció vagy kooperáció? Minerva, Budapest, 1990. 86-94 p. (also available in English on the MKCsBK website: ftp://korossy.org/csendor.com/konyvtar/iratok/irasok/zsidosagEnglish/〕 as well as taking part in their deportations and the securing of Jewish properties for the government. Later, following the Soviet occupation of Hungary at the end of the war, communist propaganda seized upon the latter activity to destroy the gendarmerie’s good name while totally ignoring the corps’ service to the country, even to the Jews, prior to the German invasion. In the prisoner of war camps of the West, the Allies used the gendarmes as guards, even going so far as to return their weapons, for they were well known for their reliable, fair, and experienced service. At the end of the war, the Americans sent the Hungarian prisoners-of-war back to Hungary, including the gendarmes, where brutal persecution awaited them. Therefore, many escaped from the American camps into the British or French displaced persons’ camps, and eventually found a new life in various countries scattered over all the continents. They have earned the respect of the communities〔Bagossy László (szerk): Encyclopedia Hungarica 1994. Magyarságtudat Alapítvány. Kanada, Altona, Canada, 1994, Friesen Nyomdavállalat. - Gyula Kiss〕 wherever they went, as they were used to serving faithfully, working honestly, improving themselves constantly, propagating the common good, and thinking resourcefully. They even contributed to the furthering of law enforcement in the recipient countries.〔Gábor Kiss honorary sheriff in Sanford County, Florida; Béla Rektor, professor of law-enforcement at the University of Arizona.〕 Along with the Soviet occupation of Hungary, the communist party arrived from Moscow with a set plan to seize political power. They aimed to abolish the previous regime, so they had to eradicate first of all its most loyal and powerful support, the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie.〔After a statement to this effect in v. baranchi Endre Tamáska’s Gendarme Day presentation in February, 2010, in Venice, Florida, v. Zoltan Korossy, central director, interviewed the other gendarme officers (dr. Andre László, v. baranchi Tamáska Endre, Molnár László, Döme Károly) – all of them agreed that it was a “common knowledge” among the gendarmes that the Soviet decision was made after the defeat of the Communist Revolution of 1918-19 in Hungary, to destroy the gendarmerie at the first opportunity. This was the reason the gendarmes saw the approach of the Russian army not only as a threat to their homeland but to their own existence as well. - Tamáska Endre wrote in a book-review: “according to the 1937 edict of the Komintern, if the time comes for the communist to take power in Hungary, the liquidation of the gendarmerie has to be their first act” http://csendor.com/konyvtar/iratok/irasok/magyar/Tam%e1ska%20Szak%e1ly%20T%e1bori%20csend%f6rs%e9g%20k%f6nyv%e9r%f6l.pdf〕 Therefore, in December 1944, among its first acts, the Temporary National Cabinet issued a ruling to abolish the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie,〔(MKCsBK Official Website ), 1690/1945. ME. Order: „1 § (1) The Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie loyally served the previous anti-people regimes, harshly repressed the democratic movements, and committed numerous violation against the proletariat and the peasantry, therefore in accordance with the unified judgment of the Hungarian people the Transient National Government declares the guiltiness of the gendarmerie as a whole, dissolves its corps and all its establishments. (2) All people who served the gendarmerie are dismissed from their jobs. (3) The pension and all aids to all the members and their families is discontinued… „ in Kaiser Ferenc: A Magyar Királyi Csendőrség története a két világháború között. (The History of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie Between the Two World Wars), Pécs, 2002, Pro Pannónia Kiadói Alapítvány. /Pannonia;〕 claiming it collectively guilty of “brutal acts against the proletariat and peasantry” of Hungary in the previous decades. On its own, this political reason for the disbandment and ruthless persecution of a lawfully established corps would not have been acceptable in the eyes of the Allies, so the communists found a better excuse in the Gendarmerie’s involvement in the deportation of the Jews. In order to sell this accusation, however, they had to overemphasize some aspects of it, suppress others, and add overt lies. They also destroyed all the documents relating to the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie, so there would be no way to check on the truthfulness (or falsehood) of their claims. As a result of 65 years of their systematic propaganda both toward the West and in the education of new generations in Hungary, the gendarmes are now commonly blamed not only for the deportation of the Jews, but for the very Holocaust itself, even though Hungary had no concentration camps and it is a matter of public record that the gendarmes could have had no knowledge of the existence of the death camps at the time, as the Jewish Council of Budapest only informed Admiral Horthy of their existence in the second part of June, 1944, by which time most of the deportations had already taken place (with the exception of the Jews of Budapest, who were saved by Horthy with the support of the gendarmes).〔Mária Schmidt 86-94 p.〕 Even though in the cities mainly the police and other authorities were involved, the Gendarmerie’s participation has been exaggerated and became the only factor considered in their evaluation, ignoring their internationally acclaimed excellence in crime control of the previous six decades. The collective persecution of the gendarmerie had severe consequences for its members. Thousands of them were killed, tortured, beaten to death, imprisoned, sent to work camps famous for brutal treatments and at best, became marginalized in society, not finding work, nor receiving any state benefits (health care, retirement benefits, etc.). Even their children were barred from higher education.〔Béla Rektor 496 p.〕 The few cases of claimed mistreatment of the Jews at the hands of the gendarmes cannot be compared to the brutality with which the ÁVO treated the gendarmes; and the AVO did that not only by occasional misuse of power, but in every case and by order. Persecution was the fate of all gendarmes, including those who had already retired before the war began and those who were at the front lines, never having anything to do with the deportations, and even those who themselves were known to have helped the Jews. Only a very few gendarmes were able to continue to serve under the communist government, but eventually they, too, were executed.〔(MKCsBK Official Website ), Barátossy György: De hogy keveredett Apátok „ezek” közé? Korondi Béla útja a kommunisták akasztófájához〕 After the 1989 fall of communism, the Constitutional Court judged the collective verdict against the Gendarmerie unconstitutional, and against modern law to persecute any person who himself did not participate in any criminal acts. The Court also found the verdict of 1945 unconstitutional because it dissolved an organization which was not created for the purpose of causing harm to others (like the SS was, for example), but rather to protect and aid the safety of others, a task which they indeed carried out with distinction for over six decades. According to the 1944 Gendarmerie Handbook, 969 officers and 22,000 enlisted gendarmes served during World War II. Less than half survived the war: about 360 officers and 10,000 enlisted gendarmes. About 5,000 died at the hands of the communists, about 3,000 were sent to Soviet work camps, and about 1,500 ended up escaping to the West.〔Gábor Kiss „Introduction of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie on the Internet” Bajtársi levél 1998. Jan 1, 6 p.〕 In 1971, about 3,000 gendarmes were still living in Hungary, and around 1,100 in exile, scattered worldwide. Only a few hundred survived to see the rehabilitation of their corps. For all the gendarmes, their rehabilitation occurred half a century too late. The Hungarian government legally rehabilitated the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie in 1991,〔(Rubicon ), - „A m. kir. csendőrség rehabilitálásának kérdése a rendszerváltást után” (The question of the rehabilitation of the Hungarian Royal Gendarmerie after the change of power) - all the legal material is posted at: http://csendor.com/konyvtar/jogszab/torvenyek2.pdf - Zlinszky János: Kollektív felelősség. Rubicon, XX. évf. (2010) 202.sz. 53-56 p. (Collective blame)〕 but the damage of the previous fifty years of propaganda against them has not been easily repaired. The Hungarian media remains strongly anti-gendarme, the written documents of the Gendarmerie are still not available, and Hungary still does not have a museum or permanent exhibit dedicated to the gendarmes despite the provision of materials by the MKCsBK in 2000. This situation has been exacerbated by the Hungarian far-right seizing on and embracing the Gendarmerie's fabricated past as perpetrators of the Holocaust. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Hungarian Royal Gendarme Veterans' Association」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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